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Baby Loves Quarks!
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Quarks, Leptons and the Big Bang
CHOICE: Highly RecommendedQuarks, Leptons and The Big Bang, Third Edition, is a clear, readable and self-contained introduction to particle physics and related areas of cosmology.It bridges the gap between non-technical popular accounts and textbooks for advanced students.The book concentrates on presenting the subject from the modern perspective of quarks, leptons and the forces between them.This book will appeal to students, teachers and general science readers interested in fundamental ideas of modern physics.This edition brings the book completely up to date by including advances in particle physics and cosmology, such as the discovery of the Higgs boson, the LIGO gravitational wave discovery and the WMAP and PLANCK results.
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Elements of Chemistry : Quarks, Atoms and Molecules
What makes a quark? How many quarks make a proton? How many protons make an oxygen atom? How many oxygen atoms make a carbon dioxide molecule?How many carbon atoms make you? In this accessible little book, packed with helpful diagrams and interesting information, science writer Matt Tweed takes us on a whirlwind tour into the tiny realms, the stuff we are all made of, the building blocks of the material world, the elements of chemisty.
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The Lucy Wilson Mysteries: Attack of the Quarks
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What are protons and quarks?
Protons are subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom, with a positive electric charge. They are composed of three smaller particles called quarks, which are held together by the strong nuclear force. Quarks are fundamental particles that come in six different types or "flavors" (up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom) and are the building blocks of protons, neutrons, and other hadrons. Together, protons and quarks play a crucial role in the structure and behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic levels.
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What are quarks made of?
Quarks are elementary particles that are considered to be fundamental building blocks of matter. They are not made up of smaller components and are believed to be indivisible. Quarks combine to form particles such as protons and neutrons, which are the building blocks of atomic nuclei. Quarks are held together by the strong nuclear force, which is mediated by particles called gluons.
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What happens to individual quarks?
Individual quarks are never found in isolation due to a phenomenon called color confinement. Instead, they are always bound together in groups of two or three, forming particles such as protons and neutrons. When quarks are pulled apart, the energy required to separate them increases as they move farther apart, eventually resulting in the creation of new quark-antiquark pairs, preventing the isolation of individual quarks. This behavior is a fundamental aspect of the strong force, one of the four fundamental forces in nature.
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Can the discovery of quarks prove string theory?
The discovery of quarks does not directly prove string theory. Quarks are fundamental particles that make up protons and neutrons, and their discovery provided evidence for the existence of subatomic particles. String theory, on the other hand, proposes that the fundamental building blocks of the universe are tiny, vibrating strings. While both quarks and string theory are important in our understanding of particle physics, the discovery of quarks does not provide direct evidence for string theory. String theory is still a theoretical framework that has not been experimentally confirmed.
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Discovering Quarks : Remembering Feynman, Gell-Mann, and Tollestrup
This book describes the development of our understanding of the strong interactions in particle physics, through its competing ideas and personalities, its false starts, blind alleys, and moments of glory – culminating with the author's discovery of quarks, real particles living in a deeper layer of reality.How were quarks discovered, what did physicists think they were, and what did they turn out to be?These questions are answered through a collection of personal remembrances.The focus is on the reality of quarks, and why that reality made them so difficult to accept.How Feynman and Gell-Mann practiced physics, with their contrasting styles and motivations, presented different obstacles to accepting this reality. And how was the author, as a graduate student, able to imagine their existence, and act on it?Science buffs, students, and experts alike will find much here to pique their interest and learn about quarks along the way.
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Basic Concepts in Physics : From the Cosmos to Quarks
This book is the second edition of an excellent undergraduate-level overview of classical and modern physics, intended for students of physics and related subjects, and also perfectly suited for the education of physics teachers.The twelve-chapter book begins with Newton’s laws of motion and subsequently covers topics such as thermodynamics and statistical physics, electrodynamics, special and general relativity, quantum mechanics and cosmology , the standard model and quantum chromodynamics.The writing is lucid, and the theoretical discussions are easy to follow for anyone comfortable with standard mathematics. An important addition in this second edition is a set of exercises and problems, distributed throughout the book.Some of the problems aim to complement the text, others to provide readers with additional useful tools for tackling new or more advanced topics.Furthermore, new topics have been added in several chapters; for example, the discovery of extra-solar planets from the wobble of their mother stars, a discussion of the Landauer principle relating information erasure to an increase of entropy, quantum logic, first order quantum corrections to the ideal gas equation of state due to the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics.Both gravitational lensing and the time-correction in geo-positioning satellites are explained as theoretical applications of special and general relativity.The discovery of gravitational waves, one of the most important achievements of physical sciences, is presented as well.Professional scientists, teachers, and researchers will also want to have this book on their bookshelves, as it provides an excellent refresher on a wide range of topics and serves as an ideal starting point for expanding one’s knowledge of new or unfamiliar fields.Readers of this book will not only learn much about physics, they will also learn to love it.
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Electroweak Interactions : An Introduction to the Physics of Quarks and Leptons
This book describes the theory of electroweak interactions, starting from a level understandable to students with only a first degree in physics.This theory, the Glashow–Salam–Weinberg (GSW) model, unifies the weak and electromagnetic forces of nature and gives a detailed description of the interactions between quarks and leptons, the basic building blocks of matter.The various experimental tests of the model that have been made and that are planned are described in detail, with reference to the fact that all results obtained so far are in agreement with the model.The interactions of quarks by the strong force, the theory of quantum chromodynamics, are also discussed.The GSW model, together with quantum chromodynamics, constitute the so-called 'standard model'.Theories proposing further unification of the forces of nature are outlined.This is a rapidly moving subject, and this up-to-date book will be of great value to researchers and beginning graduate students in high energy physics.
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Astronomical : From Quarks to Quasars, the Science of Space at its Strangest
'In the same light-heartedly informative spirit as his previous Elemental, Tim James gives us an entertaining gallop through light years of space science, from the big bang to UFOs'Andrew Crumey, author of The Great Chain of UnbeingPRAISE FOR THE AUTHOR'Humorous, yet deep . . . Fundamental will speak to all readers' Professor Charles Antoine, Sorbonne University'Who said science was dry?Certainly not Tim James' New York PostDoes the Big Bang prove the existence of God?What's the Universe expanding into? Is Earth the only planet which supports life? Why did the greatest astronomer in history murder his pet moose?Space is the biggest, oldest, hottest, coldest, strangest thing a human can study.It's no surprise then, that the weirdest facts in science (not to mention the weirdest scientists themselves) are found in astrophysics and cosmology. If you're looking for instructions on how to set up your grandad's telescope this book probably isn't for you.In Astronomical, Tim James takes us on a tour of the known (and unknown) Universe, focusing on the most-mind boggling stuff we've come across, as well as unpacking the latest theories about what's really going on out there. Guiding us through Einstein's relativity, quantum mechanics and string theory, Astronomical delves into the baffling corners of the cosmos and tackles the biggest mysteries we face: from alien life to the zodiac; from white holes to wormholes; from quasars to quark stars.This is the science of space at its absolute strangest!From the creation of the Universe out of nothing to the Large Hadron Collider and the Universe's ongoing expansion, Tim explores our planetary neighbours, where it snows metal on Venus, there are underground lakes on Mars and rivers of petrol on Titan.He then looks beyond our solar system: to exoplanets which could support life, rogue planets, quark stars, quasars, neutron stars and more.Tim looks at black holes (and how to survive in one), wormholes, white holes as well as dark energy, dark matter and even a bit of string theory thrown in for good measure.He explains the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence, including the discovery of Martian fossils in the Alan Hills meteorite and the tantalising 'Wow signal' transmission earth received in 1973 - still unexplained.He also rebuts resurgent anti-science movements, including the Flat Earth Society and discusses what's really going on inside Area 51. To close, Tim finishes by looking at human achievements in space including how rockets work, how faster-than-light warp-drives (currently being investigated by NASA) work and how we plan to colonise both the moon and Mars.
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What is the difference between quarks and quantum?
Quarks are elementary particles that are the building blocks of protons and neutrons, which are found in the nucleus of an atom. Quantum, on the other hand, refers to the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy on the smallest scales, such as atoms and subatomic particles. While quarks are specific particles that make up larger particles, quantum is a broader concept that encompasses the study of the fundamental principles that govern the behavior of particles at the quantum level.
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How is the assembly of 3 quarks done?
The assembly of 3 quarks to form a proton or a neutron is achieved through the strong nuclear force, one of the four fundamental forces in nature. Quarks are held together by exchanging particles called gluons, which mediate the strong force. The combination of 3 quarks results in a color-neutral particle due to the properties of quark color charges. This assembly process is governed by the rules of quantum chromodynamics, which describe the interactions between quarks and gluons.
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What is the difference between up and down quarks?
Up quarks have a charge of +2/3, while down quarks have a charge of -1/3. Up quarks are lighter than down quarks. Up quarks are involved in the composition of protons and neutrons, while down quarks are also involved in the composition of neutrons.
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Why do quarks become heavier when connected to each other?
Quarks become heavier when connected to each other due to the strong nuclear force that binds them together. This force increases as the distance between quarks decreases, resulting in a higher energy state and therefore a higher mass. This phenomenon is described by the principle of mass-energy equivalence, where the energy required to keep quarks bound together contributes to their overall mass.
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