Products related to Photons:
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Vision Science : Photons to Phenomenology
This book revolutionizes how vision can be taught to undergraduate and graduate students in cognitive science, psychology, and optometry.It is the first comprehensive textbook on vision to reflect the integrated computational approach of modern research scientists.This new interdisciplinary approach, called "vision science," integrates psychological, computational, and neuroscientific perspectives. The book covers all major topics related to vision, from early neural processing of image structure in the retina to high-level visual attention, memory, imagery, and awareness.The presentation throughout is theoretically sophisticated yet requires minimal knowledge of mathematics.There is also an extensive glossary, as well as appendices on psychophysical methods, connectionist modeling, and color technology.The book will serve not only as a comprehensive textbook on vision, but also as a valuable reference for researchers in cognitive science, psychology, neuroscience, computer science, optometry, and philosophy.
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Exploring the Quantum : Atoms, Cavities, and Photons
The counter-intuitive aspects of quantum physics have been long illustrated by thought experiments, from Einstein's photon box to Schrödinger's cat.These experiments have now become real, with single particles - electrons, atoms, or photons - directly unveiling the strange features of the quantum.State superpositions, entanglement and complementarity define a novel quantum logic which can be harnessed for information processing, raising great hopes for applications.This book describes a class of such thought experiments made real.Juggling with atoms and photons confined in cavities, ions or cold atoms in traps, is here an incentive to shed a new light on the basic concepts of quantum physics.Measurement processes and decoherence at the quantum-classical boundary are highlighted.This volume, which combines theory and experiments, will be of interest to students in quantum physics, teachers seeking illustrations for their lectures and new problem sets, researchers in quantum optics and quantum information.
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Our Changing Views of Photons : A Tutorial Memoir
Advances in technology often rely on a world of photons as the basic units of light.Increasingly one reads of photons as essential to enterprises in Photonics and Quantum Technology, with career and investment opportunities.Notions of photons have evolved from the energy-packet crowds of Planck and Einstein, the later field modes of Dirac, the seeming conflict of wave and particle photons, to the ubiquitous laser photons of today.Readers who take interest in contemporary technology will benefit from learning what photons are now considered to be, and how our views of photons have changed -- in learning about the various operational definitions that have been used for photons and their association with a variety of quantum-state manipulations that include Quantum Information, astronomical sources and crowds of photons, the boxed fields of Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics and single photons on demand, the photons of Feynman and Glauber, and the photon constituents of the Standard Model of Particle Physics.The narrative points to contemporary photons as causers of change to atoms, as carriers of messages, and as subject to controllable creation and alteration -- a considerable diversity of photons, not just one kind.Our Changing Views of Photons: A Tutorial Memoir presents those general topics as a memoir of the author's involvement with physics and the photons of theoretical Quantum Optics, written conversationally for readers with no assumed prior exposure to science.It offers lay readers a glimpse of scientific discovery -- of how ideas become practical, as a small scientific community reconsiders its assumptions and offers the theoretical ideas that are then developed, revised, and adopted into technology for daily use. For readers who want a more detailed understanding of the theory, three substantial appendices provide tutorials that, assuming no prior familiarity, proceed from a very elementary start to basics of discrete states and abstract vector spaces; Lie groups; notions of quantum theory and the Schrödinger equation for quantum-state manipulation; Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism, with wave modes that become photons, possibly exhibiting quantum entanglement; and the coupling of atoms and fields to create quasiparticles.The appendices can be seen as a companion to traditional textbooks on Quantum Optics.
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Dance of the Photons : Einstein, Entanglement and Quantum Teleportation
A Nobel Laureate explains quantum entanglement and teleportation and why Einstein was wrong about the nature of realityWhat is the true nature of reality?To find out, Nobel Laureate Anton Zeilinger takes us (along with his fictional students Alice and Bob) on a voyage through a quantum wonderland, explaining entanglement, teleportation, time-travel paradoxes and why our view of the world must change. Originally published in America in 2012, a new Afterword in the light of the author's 2022 Nobel Prize means the book brings readers up-to-date with the most recent developments in quantum teleportation.This describes the author's collaboration to perform the first intercontinental video call encrypted using quantum cryptography, and how Chinese scientists teleported entangled quantum states to an orbiting satellite.Readers also learn how both volunteer humans and astronomical objects billions of light years away have been part of experiments to conclusively prove that quantum states cannot provide a full description of reality at a local level. Einstein had always refused to accept aspects of quantum theory, deriding the notion of instantaneous communication between faraway 'entangled' particles as 'spooky action at a distance'.However, this playful yet deep book takes readers through a series of ingenious experiments conducted in various locations that demonstrate entanglement is indeed real, and speculates that information is an essential part of reality. From a dank sewage tunnel under the River Danube to the balmy air between a pair of mountain peaks in the Canary Islands, with various time-travel paradoxes explained along the way, the author and his fictional physics students Alice and Bob demonstrate the true nature of quantum entanglement and teleportation using photons, or light quanta, created by laser beams.The ideas described have laid the foundations for a new era of quantum technology, including the development of quantum computers and much more.
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Are photons electrons?
No, photons are not electrons. Photons are elementary particles that make up light and electromagnetic radiation, while electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are part of atoms. Photons have no mass and travel at the speed of light, while electrons have mass and are bound to the nucleus of an atom.
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How are photons created?
Photons are created through a process called electromagnetic radiation. This occurs when an atom absorbs energy, causing its electrons to move to a higher energy level. When the electrons return to their original energy level, they release the absorbed energy in the form of photons. This process can happen in various ways, such as through thermal radiation, chemical reactions, or nuclear reactions.
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What happens to photons?
Photons are elementary particles that make up light. They do not have mass and travel at the speed of light. When photons interact with matter, they can be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted. Absorption of photons can result in the excitation of electrons, leading to various physical and chemical processes.
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How can one convert the energy of different photons into monochromatic photons?
One way to convert the energy of different photons into monochromatic photons is through a process called frequency doubling or second harmonic generation. This involves passing the photons through a nonlinear crystal, which causes the photons to combine and create new photons with double the frequency and half the wavelength of the original photons. This results in monochromatic photons with a single, specific wavelength. Another method is through the use of filters or monochromators, which can selectively filter out photons of specific wavelengths, allowing only monochromatic photons to pass through.
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From Photons To Atoms: The Electromagnetic Nature Of Matter
Motivated by a revision of the classical equations of electromagnetism that allow for the inclusion of solitary waves in the solution space, the material collected in this book examines the consequences of adopting the modified model in the description of atomic structures.The possibility of handling 'photons' in a deterministic way indeed gives a chance to review the foundations of quantum physics.Atoms and molecules are described as aggregations of nuclei and electrons joined through organized photon layers resonating at various frequencies, explaining how matter can absorb or emit light quanta.Some established viewpoints are subverted, offering an alternative scenario.The analysis seeks to provide an answer to many technical problems in physical chemistry and, at the same time, to raise epistemological questions.
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CCEA AS Unit 2 Physics Student Guide: Waves, photons and astronomy
Exam Board: CCEALevel: A-levelSubject: PhysicsFirst Teaching: September 2016First Exam: June 2018Reinforce students' understanding throughout their course; clear topic summaries with sample questions and answers will improve exam technique to achieve higher grades. Written by examiners and teachers, Student Guides:· Help students identify what they need to know with a concise summary of the topics examined in the AS and A-level specification· Consolidate understanding with exam tips and knowledge check questions· Provide opportunities to improve exam technique with sample graded answers to exam-style questions· Develop independent learning and research skills · Provide the content for generating individual revision notes
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Atoms, Molecules and Photons : An Introduction to Atomic-, Molecular- and Quantum Physics
This introduction to Atomic and Molecular Physics explains how our present model of atoms and molecules has been developed over the last two centuries both by many experimental discoveries and, from the theoretical side, by the introduction of quantum physics to the adequate description of micro-particles.It illustrates the wave model of particles by many examples and shows the limits of classical description.The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with atoms and molecules and its potential for spectroscopy is outlined in more detail and in particular lasers as modern spectroscopic tools are discussed more thoroughly.Many examples and problems with solutions are offered to encourage readers to actively engage in applying and adapting the fundamental physics presented in this textbook to specific situations. Completely revised third edition with new sections covering all actual developments, like photonics, ultrashort lasers, ultraprecise frequency combs, free electron lasers, cooling and trapping of atoms, quantum optics and quantum information.
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What distinguishes photons and protons?
Photons are elementary particles that carry electromagnetic radiation, such as light, while protons are subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. Photons have no mass and travel at the speed of light, while protons have mass and are composed of quarks. Additionally, photons do not have an electric charge, while protons have a positive electric charge.
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Why can photons penetrate matter?
Photons can penetrate matter because they do not have an electric charge and are not affected by electromagnetic forces within the material. Additionally, photons do not have mass, allowing them to travel at the speed of light and pass through matter without being absorbed or deflected. This property of photons enables them to interact with atoms and molecules in the material, leading to phenomena such as absorption, reflection, and transmission.
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How can photons have mass?
Photons are massless particles according to the Standard Model of particle physics. They travel at the speed of light and have zero rest mass. However, in certain theoretical models beyond the Standard Model, such as some versions of string theory, it is possible for photons to acquire a small amount of mass through interactions with other particles or fields. This mass is typically very small and has not been experimentally observed.
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How far do photons travel?
Photons, as particles of light, travel at the speed of light in a vacuum, which is approximately 299,792 kilometers per second. This means that photons can travel vast distances in a very short amount of time. However, their travel distance can be affected by factors such as absorption, reflection, and scattering, which can cause them to be absorbed or redirected before reaching their destination.
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